Page "American folk music" Paragraph 10

* Oklahoma and southern US plains Before recorded history American Indians in this area used songs and instrumentation ; music and dance remain the core of ceremonial and social activities.

" Stomp dance " remains at its core, a " call and response " form ; instrumentation is provided by rattles or shackles worn on the legs of women.

" Other southeastern nations have their own complexes of sacred and social songs, including those for animal dances and friendship dances, and songs that accompany stickball games.

Central to the music of the southern Plains Indians is the drum, which has been called the heartbeat of Plains Indian music.

Most of that genre can be traced back to activities of hunting and warfare, upon which plains culture was based.

" The drum is central to the music of the southern plains Indians.

During the reservation period, they used music to relieve boredom.

Neighbors gathered, exchanged and created songs and dances ; this is a part of the roots of the modern inter-tribal powwow.

Another common instrument is the courting flute.

African American folk music in the area has roots in slavery and emancipation.

" Sacred music, both a capella and instrumentally accompanied, is at the heart of the tradition.

Early spirituals framed Christian beliefs within native practices and were heavily influenced by the music and rhythms of Africa.

" Spirituals are prominent, and often use a call and response pattern.

" Gospel developed after the Civil War ( 1861-65 ).

It relied on biblical text for much of its direction, and the use of metaphors and imagery was common.

Gospel is a " joyful noise ," sometimes accompanied by instrumentation and almost always punctuated by hand clapping, toe tapping, and body movement.

" " Shape-note or sacred harp singing developed in the early nineteenth century as a way for itinerant singing instructors to teach church songs in rural communities.

They taught using song books in which musical notations of tones were represented by geometric shapes that were designed to associate a shape with its pitch.

Sacred harp singing became popular in many Oklahoma rural communities, regardless of ethnicity.

" Later the blues tradition developed, with roots in and parallels to sacred music.

Then jazz developed, born from a blend of " blend of ragtime, gospel, and blues " " Anglo-Scots-Irish music traditions gained a place in Oklahoma after the Land Run of 1889.

Because of its size and portability, the fiddle was the core of early Oklahoma Anglo music, but other instruments such as the guitar, mandolin, banjo, and steel guitar were added later.

Various Oklahoma music traditions trace their roots to the British Isles, including cowboy ballads, western swing, and contemporary country and western.

" " Mexican immigrants began to reach Oklahoma in the 1870s, bringing beautiful canciones and corridos love songs, waltzes, and ballads along with them.

Like American Indian communities, each rite of passage in Hispanic communities is accompanied by traditional music.