Page "Bioinformatics" Paragraph 41

In cancer, the genomes of affected cells are rearranged in complex or even unpredictable ways.

Massive sequencing efforts are used to identify previously unknown point mutations in a variety of genes in cancer.

Bioinformaticians continue to produce specialized automated systems to manage the sheer volume of sequence data produced, and they create new algorithms and software to compare the sequencing results to the growing collection of human genome sequences and germline polymorphisms.

New physical detection technologies are employed, such as oligonucleotide microarrays to identify chromosomal gains and losses ( called comparative genomic hybridization ), and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect known point mutations.

These detection methods simultaneously measure several hundred thousand sites throughout the genome, and when used in high-throughput to measure thousands of samples, generate terabytes of data per experiment.

Again the massive amounts and new types of data generate new opportunities for bioinformaticians.

The data is often found to contain considerable variability, or noise, and thus Hidden Markov model and change-point analysis methods are being developed to infer real copy number changes.