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In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology.

The 12th century German monk Theophilus described how preheated crucibles were one sixth filled with powdered calamine and charcoal then topped up with copper and charcoal before being melted, stirred then filled again.

The final product was cast, then again melted with calamine.

It has been suggested that this second melting may have taken place at a lower temperature to allow more zinc to be absorbed.

Albertus Magnus noted that the " power " of both calamine and tutty could evaporate and described how the addition of powdered glass could create a film to bind it to the metal.