Page "Breviary" Paragraph 15

During the pontificate of Pius IX a strong Ultramontane movement arose against the French Breviaries of 1680 and 1736.

This was inaugurated by Montalembert, but its literary advocates were chiefly Dom Gueranger, a learned Benedictine monk, abbot of Solesmes, and Louis François Veuillot ( 1813 – 1883 ) of the Univers ; and it succeeded in suppressing them everywhere, the last diocese to surrender being Orleans in 1875.

The Jansenist and Gallican influence was also strongly felt in Italy and in Germany, where Breviaries based on the French models were published at Cologne, Münster, Mainz and other towns.

Meanwhile, under the direction of Benedict XIV ( pope 1740 – 1758 ), a special congregation collected much material for an official revision, but nothing was published.

In 1902, under Leo XIII, a commission under the presidency of Monsignor Louis Duchesne was appointed to consider the Breviary, the Missal, the Pontifical and the Ritual.