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The electronic calculators of the mid-1960s were large and heavy desktop machines due to their use of hundreds of transistors on several circuit boards with a large power consumption that required an AC power supply.

There were great efforts to put the logic required for a calculator into fewer and fewer integrated circuits ( chips ) and calculator electronics was one of the leading edges of semiconductor development.

U. S. semiconductor manufacturers led the world in Large Scale Integration ( LSI ) semiconductor development, squeezing more and more functions into individual integrated circuits.

This led to alliances between Japanese calculator manufacturers and U. S. semiconductor companies: Canon Inc. with Texas Instruments, Hayakawa Electric ( later known as Sharp Corporation ) with North-American Rockwell Microelectronics, Busicom with Mostek and Intel, and General Instrument with Sanyo.