Page "Caligula" Paragraph 70

The history of Caligula's reign is extremely problematic as only two sources contemporary with Caligula have survived — the works of Philo and Seneca.

Philo's works, On the Embassy to Gaius and Flaccus, give some details on Caligula's early reign, but mostly focus on events surrounding the Jewish population in Judea and Egypt with whom he sympathizes.

Seneca's various works give mostly scattered anecdotes on Caligula's personality.

Seneca was almost put to death by Caligula in AD 39 likely due to his associations with conspirators.