Page "Caliph" Paragraph 9
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In the initial stages the latter way of choosing leadership prevailed among the leading companions of Muhammad.
Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph or successor to Muhammad, with the other companions of Muhammad giving an oath of allegiance to him.
Those opposing this method thought that Ali, Muhammad's nearest relative, should have succeeded him.
On his deathbed, Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor without an election by the community of Believers.
The oath, approving the appointment of Umar, was taken only by the Companions present in Medina at the time.
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