Page "Chinese historiography" Paragraph 29

There are several problems associated with Marxist interpretation.

First, slavery existed throughout China's history and has never been the primary mode of production.

While the Zhou can be labelled as feudal, others were centralized states.

To account for the discrepancy, Chinese Marxists invented the term " bureaucratic feudalism ", which is an oxymoron.

The placement of the Tang as the beginning of the bureaucratic phase rests largely on the imperial examination system which finally overcame the nine-rank system ; prior to this both systems were in use.

Some World-systems analysts contend capitalism first arose in Song dynasty China by following Kondratiev waves to their source.