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While there is sound empirical support for the causal importance of SIMCA ’ s key theoretical variables on collective action, more recent literature has addressed the issue of reverse causation, finding support for a related, yet distinct, encapsulation model of social identity in collective action ( EMSICA ).

This model suggests that perceived group efficacy and perceived injustice provide the basis from which social identity emerges, highlighting an alternative causal pathway to collective action.

Recent research has sought to integrate SIMCA with intergroup contact theory ( see Cakal, Hewstone, Schwär, & Heath ) and others have extended SIMCA through bridging morality research with the collective action literature ( see van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears for a review ).