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According to Mao: The Unknown Story, an estimated 100, 000 people died in one of the worst factional struggles in Guangxi in January – April 1968, before Premier Zhou sent the PLA to intervene.
In 1993, erotic fiction author Zheng Yi wrote the controversial book Scarlet Memorial: Tales Of Cannibalism In Modern China, alleging “ systematic killing and cannibalization of individuals in the name of political revolution and ' class struggle '” among the Zhuang people in Wuxuan County, Guangxi, during that period.
The book was roundly criticized in China for its reliance on unpublished interviews and for its negative portrayal of a Chinese ethnic minority, although senior party historians have corroborated some allegations of cannibalism.
Sinologist Gang Yue has questioned how “ systematic ” the cannibalism could have been, given the inherent factionalism of the Cultural Revolution.
MacFarquhar and Schoenhals also dispute that it was communism that compelled the Zhuang in this area towards cannibalism, noting that similar incidents occurred under pressure from the Kuomintang secret police in the republican period.

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