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According to Amnesty, in certain societies women who have not had the procedure are regarded as too unclean to handle food and water, and there is a belief that a woman's genitals might continue to grow without FGM, until they dangle between her legs.
Some groups see the clitoris as dangerous, capable of killing a man if his penis touches it, or a baby if the head comes into contact with it during birth, though Amnesty cautions that ideas about the power of the clitoris can be found elsewhere.
Gynaecologists in England and the United States would remove it during the 19th century to " cure " insanity, masturbation, and nymphomania.
The first reported clitoridectomy in the West was carried out in 1822 by a surgeon in Berlin on a teenage girl regarded as an " imbecile " who was masturbating.
Isaac Baker Brown ( 1812 – 1873 ), an English gynaecologist who was president of the Medical Society of London in 1865, believed that the " unnatural irritation " of the clitoris caused epilepsy, hysteria, and mania, and would remove it " whenever he had the opportunity of doing so ," according to an obituary.
Peter Lewis Allen writes that his views caused outrage — or, rather, his public expression of them did — and Brown died penniless after being expelled from the Obstetrical Society.

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