Page "First-mover advantage" Paragraph 18

Studies of free rider effects place the biggest implications on riding the coattails of a company ’ s research and development and learning based productivity improvement.

Overall these studies showed the effects of free riders as they are able to make their way into the market and not spend the money or risk the failures which the first movers did.

Other studies have looked at free rider effects in relation to labor costs, as first movers may have to hire and train personnel to succeed, then the competition hires them away.