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There is considerable debate about the empirical significance of free riding.
One famous article asked " Economists free ride.
Does anyone else?
" Studies generally find that there is some free riding, but less than one would expect based on the predictions of economic theory.
Free-riding is most likely to occur in large, anonymous groups, in one-off interactions, and when the stakes are high.
The research of Elinor Ostrom and others has found that social norms and institutions can limit the extent of free riding by sanctioning those who do not contribute, or take more than their share from the common pool.

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