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Two instruments incorporating the multidimensional of masculinity and femininity have dominated gender identity research: The Bem Sex Role Inventory ( BSRI ) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire ( PAQ ).

Both instruments categorize individuals as either being sex typed ( males report themselves as identifying primarily with masculine traits, females report themselves as identifying primarily with feminine traits ), cross sex-typed ( males report themselves as identifying primarily with feminine traits, females report themselves as identifying primarily with masculine traits ), androgynous ( either males or females who report themselves as high on both masculine and feminine traits ) or undifferentiated ( either males or females who report themselves as low on both masculine and feminine traits ).

Twenge ( 1997 ) noted that, although men are generally more masculine than women and women generally more feminine than men, the association between biological sex and masculinity / femininity is waning.