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The Spanish Civil War played the most important part in defining Orwell's socialism.
He wrote to Cyril Connolly from Barcelona on 8 June 1937: " I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in Socialism, which I never did before.
" Having witnessed the success of the anarcho-syndicalist communities, for example in Anarchist Catalonia, and the subsequent brutal suppression of the anarcho-syndicalists, anti-Stalin communist parties and revolutionaries by the Soviet Union-backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and joined the Independent Labour Party, his card being issued on 13 June 1938.
Although he was never a Trotskyist, he was strongly influenced by the Trotskyist and anarchist critiques of the Soviet regime, and by the anarchists ' emphasis on individual freedom.
In Part 2 of The Road to Wigan Pier, published by the Left Book Club, Orwell stated: " a real Socialist is one who wishes – not merely conceives it as desirable, but actively wishes – to see tyranny overthrown.
" Orwell stated in " Why I Write " ( 1946 ): " Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it.
" Orwell was a proponent of a federal socialist Europe, a position outlined in his 1947 essay " Toward European Unity ," which first appeared in Partisan Review.
According to biographer John Newsinger,

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