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The late 18th century was a period of political, economic, intellectual, and cultural reforms, the Enlightenment ( represented by figures such as Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Adam Smith ), but also involving early Romanticism, and climaxing with the French Revolution, where freedom of the individual and nation was asserted against privilege and custom.
Representing a great variety of types and theories, they were largely a response to the disintegration of previous cultural patterns, coupled with new patterns of production, specifically the rise of industrial capitalism.

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