Page "Gunpowder" Paragraph 26

Al-Hassan claims that in the Battle of Ain Jalut of 1260, the Mamluks used against the Mongols in " the first cannon in history " gunpowder formula with near-identical ideal composition ratios for explosive gunpowder.

Other historians urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204-1324 period as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, naft, that they used for an earlier incendiary naptha.

Khan claims that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early musketeers in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.

Similarly, the refusal of their Qizilbash forces to use firearms contributed to the Safavid rout at Chaldiran in 1514.