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The middot seem to have been first laid down as abstract rules by the teachers of Hillel, though they were not immediately recognized by all as valid and binding.
Different schools interpreted and modified them, restricted or expanded them, in various ways.
Akiba and Ishmael and their scholars especially contributed to the development or establishment of these rules.
Akiba devoted his attention particularly to the grammatical and exegetical rules, while Ishmael developed the logical.
The rules laid down by one school were frequently rejected by another because the principles that guided them in their respective formulations were essentially different.
According to Akiba, the divine language of the Torah is distinguished from the speech of men by the fact that in the former no word or sound is superfluous.

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