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After conquering Persia, Arab Islamic Caliphate incorporated parts of what is now Pakistan around 720 CE.
The Muslim rulers were keen to invade India, which was a rich region, with a flourishing international trade and the only known diamond mines in the world.
In 712 CE an Arab Muslim general called Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern day Pakistan, for the Umayyad empire, to be made the " As-Sindh " province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan.
After several wars including the Battle of Rajasthan, where the Hindu Rajput clans defeated the Umayyad Arabs, their expansion was checked and contained to Sindh in Pakistan, many short-lived Islamic kingdoms ( sultanates ) under foreign rulers were established across the north western subcontinent over a period of a few centuries.
Additionally, Muslim trading communities had flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast, where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula.
This had marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form.
Later, the Bahmani Sultanate and Deccan sultanates founded by Turkic rulers, flourished in the south.

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