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From the 8th century to the 9th century, many inhabitants of what is present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and areas of northern India were converted to Sunni Islam.

It is surmised from the writings of Al Biruni that some Pashtuns living in Pakhtunkhwa ( present-day western Pakistan ) had not been completely converted.

Al Biruni, writing in Tarikh al Hind, also alludes to the Pashtun tribes of Pakhtunkhwa as Hindus.