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Born at Medina del Campo in Spain, he became a novice in the Society of Jesus at the age of thirteen at the place of his birth.
Four of his brothers successively joined the same order.
Before leaving Spain, he was lecturer in theology at Ocana, and in April 1569, was sent to Lima, Peru, where the Jesuits had been established in the proceeding year.
At Lima, Acosta again occupied the chair of theology ; his fame as an orator had preceded him.
In 1571 he went to Cuzco as a visitor of the college of the Jesuits then recently founded.
Returning to Lima three years later, to again fill the chair of theology, he was elected provincial in 1576.
He founded a number of colleges, among them those of Arequipa, Potosí, Chuquisaca, Panama and La Paz, but met with considerable opposition from the viceroy, Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa.
His official duties obliged him to investigate personally a very extensive range of territory, so that he acquired a practical knowledge of the vast province, and of its aboriginal inhabitants.
At the provincial council of 1582, at Lima, Acosta played a very important part.
Called to Spain by the King in 1585, he was detained in Mexico, where he dedicated himself to studies of the country and people ; returning to Europe, he filled the chair of theology at the Roman college in 1594, as well as other important positions.
At the time of his death, he was rector of the college at Salamanca.

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