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During his time in the United States, Nkrumah preached at black Presbyterian Churches in Philadelphia and New York City.

He read books about politics and divinity, and tutored students in philosophy.

Nkrumah encountered the ideas of Marcus Garvey and in 1943 met and began a lengthy correspondence with Trinidadian Marxist C. L. R.

James, Russian expatriate Raya Dunayevskaya, and Chinese-American Grace Lee Boggs, all of whom were members of a US based Trotskyist intellectual cohort.

Nkrumah later credited James with teaching him ' how an underground movement worked '.

Nkrumah's association with these radicals drew him to the attention of the FBI and he was under surveillance by early 1945.