Page "Medieval university" Paragraph 12

Among the earliest universities of this type were the ( University of Bologna ( 1088 ), University of Paris ( teach.

mid-11th century, recogn.

1150 ), University of Oxford ( teach.

1096, recogn.

1167 ), University of Modena ( 1175 ), University of Palencia ( 1208 ), University of Cambridge ( 1209 ), University of Salamanca ( 1218 ), University of Montpellier ( 1220 ), University of Padua ( 1222 ), University of Toulouse ( 1229 ), University of Orleans ( 1235 ), University of Siena ( 1240 ) and University of Coimbra ( 1288 ) began as private corporations of teachers and their pupils.

In many cases they petitioned secular power for privileges and this became a model.

Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita ( 1158 ) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna.

Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 " forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach ( licentia docendi ), and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers ".

Hastings Rashdall considered that the integrity of a university was only preserved in such an internally regulated corporation, which protected the scholars from external intervention.

This independently evolving organization was absent in the universities of southern Italy and Spain, which served the bureaucratic needs of monarchs and which Rashdall considered to be their artificial creations.