Page "Momentum" Paragraph 86

Newton's laws can be difficult to apply to many kinds of motion because the motion is limited by constraints.

For example, a bead on an abacus is constrained to move along its wire and a pendulum bob is constrained to swing at a fixed distance from the pivot.

Many such constraints can be incorporated by changing the normal Cartesian coordinates to a set of generalized coordinates that may be fewer in number.

Refined mathematical methods have been developed for solving mechanics problems in generalized coordinates.

They introduce a generalized momentum, also known as the canonical or conjugate momentum, that extends the concepts of both linear momentum and angular momentum.

To distinguish it from generalized momentum, the product of mass and volume is also referred to as mechanical, kinetic or kinematic momentum.

The two main methods are described below.