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Madow goes on to point out “ fame is often conferred or withheld, just as love is, for reasons and on grounds other than ‘ merit ’.” According to Sofia Johansson the “ canonical texts on stardom ” include articles by Boorstin ( 1971 ), Alberoni ( 1972 ) and Dyer ( 1979 ) that examined the “ representations of stars and on aspects of the Hollywood star system ”.

Johansson notes “ more recent analyses within media and cultural studies ( e. g. Gamson 1994 ; Marshall 1997 ; Giles 2000 ; Turner, Marshall and Bonner 2000 ; Rojek 2001 ; Turner 2004 ) have instead dealt with the idea of a pervasive, contemporary, ‘ celebrity culture ’.” In the analysis of the celebrity culture, “ fame and its constituencies are conceived of as a broader social process, connected to widespread economic, political, technological and cultural developments .”