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Neapolis, along with most of Palestine, was conquered by the Muslims under Khaled ibn al-Walid — a general of the Rashidun army of Umar ibn al-Khattab — in 636 after the Battle of Yarmouk.
The city's name was retained in its Arabicized form, Nabulus.
The town prevailed as an important trade center during the centuries of Islamic Arab rule under the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties.
Under Muslim rule, Nablus contained a diverse population of Arabs and Persians, Muslims, Samaritans, Christians and Jews.
In the 10th-century, the Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi, described it as abundant of olive trees, with a large marketplace, a finely paved Great Mosque, houses built of stone, a stream running through the center of the city, and notable mills.
He also noted that it was nicknamed " Little Damascus.
" At the time, the linen produced in Nablus was of well-known throughout the Old World.

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