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During the interwar period of the 20th century, fascist propagandists, such as British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster and American socialite Edith Starr Miller, not only popularized the myth of an Illuminati conspiracy but claimed that it was a subversive secret society which serves the Jewish elites that supposedly propped up both finance capitalism and Soviet communism in order to divide and rule the world.

American evangelist Gerald Burton Winrod and other conspiracy theorists within the fundamentalist Christian movement in the United States — which emerged in the 1910s as a backlash against the principles of Enlightenment secular humanism, modernism, and liberalism — became the main channel of dissemination of Illuminati conspiracy theories in the U. S. Right-wing populists, such as members of the John Birch Society, subsequently began speculating that some collegiate fraternities ( Skull and Bones ), gentlemen's clubs ( Bohemian Club ) and think tanks ( Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission ) of the American upper class are front organizations of the Illuminati, which they accuse of plotting to create a New World Order through a one-world government.