Page "Numerus clausus" Paragraph 46

In addition to Jewish applicants, Catholics, African-Americans, Eastern / Southern Europeans, and women were also targeted by admission restrictions.

African-Americans, in some instances, were outright excluded ( numerus null ) from admission: e. g., at Columbia University.

The most common method, employed by 90 % of American universities and colleges at the time to identify the " desirable " ( native-born, white, Protestant ) applicants, were the application form questions about their religious preference, race, and nationality.

Other more subtle methods included restrictions on scholarships, rejection of transfer students, and preferences for alumni sons and daughters.