Page "Phrenology" Paragraph 33

Phrenology was used as justification for European superiority over other lesser races.

By comparing skulls of different ethnic groups it supposedly allowed for ranking of races from least to most evolved.

Caucasians being the " most beautiful " while peoples like the New Hollander ( Australian ) would never become civilized since they were ruled by the lesser organs of the mind.

Surprisingly few phrenologist argued against the emancipation of the slaves.

Instead they argued that through education and interbreeding the lesser peoples could improve.

Another argument was that the natural inequality of people could be used to situate them in the most appropriate place in society.

Gender stereotyping was also common with phrenology.

Women who's heads were generally larger in the back with lower foreheads were thought to have underdeveloped organs necessary for success in the arts and sciences while having larger mental organs relating to the care of children and religion.

While phrenologist did not contend the existence of talented women, this minority did not provide justification for citizenship or participation in politics.