Page "Protein engineering" Paragraph 4

In directed evolution, random mutagenesis is applied to a protein, and a selection regime is used to pick out variants that have the desired qualities.

Further rounds of mutation and selection are then applied.

This method mimics natural evolution and generally produces superior results to rational design. An additional technique known as DNA shuffling mixes and matches pieces of successful variants in order to produce better results.

This process mimics the recombination that occurs naturally during sexual reproduction.

The great advantage of directed evolution is that it requires no prior structural knowledge of a protein, nor is it necessary to be able to predict what effect a given mutation will have.

Indeed, the results of directed evolution experiments are often surprising in that desired changes are often caused by mutations that were not expected to have that effect.

The drawback is that they require high-throughput, which is not feasible for all proteins.

Large amounts of recombinant DNA must be mutated and the products screened for desired qualities.

The sheer number of variants often requires expensive robotic equipment to automate the process.

Furthermore, not all desired activities can be easily screened for.