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In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM.

A successor to NPM is digital era governance, focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities, needs-based holism ( executing duties in cursive ways ), and digitalization ( exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage ). One example of this is openforum. com. au, an Australian non-for-profit eDemocracy project which invites politicians, senior public servants, academics, business people and other key stakeholders to engage in high-level policy debate.