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By the middle of the 19th century, profits from Russia's American colonies were in steep decline.
Competition with the British Hudson's Bay Company had brought the sea otter to nearst sighted the Alaskan coast line in 1732.
It was made by the Russian maritime explorer and navigator Ivan Fedorov from sea near present day Cape Prince of Wales on the eastern boundary of the Bering Strait opposite Russian Cape Dezhnev.
He did not land.
The first European landfall took place in southern Alaska in 1741 during the Russian exploration by Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov.
Between 1774 and 1800 Spain also led several expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest.
These claims were later abandoned at the turn of the 19th century.
Count Nikolay Rumyantsev funded Russia's first naval circumnavigation under the joint command of Adam Johann von Krusenstern and Nikolai Rezanov in 1803 – 1806, and was instrumental in the outfitting of the voyage of the Riurik's circumnavigation of 1814 – 1816, which provided substantial scientific information on Alaska's and California's flora and fauna, and important ethnographic information on Alaskan and Californian ( among others ) natives.

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