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In the 1980s, the Reagan administration pushed for vouchers, as did the George W. Bush administration in the initial education-reform proposals leading up to the No Child Left Behind Act.

In 2011, it was estimated that nearly 171, 000 students would participate in 18 existing school choice programs in 10 states ( Vermont, Maine, New Mexico and 7 others ) and the District of Columbia.

Most of these programs were offered to students in low-income families, low performing schools, or special-education programs.