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Some academics believe that scientific colleagues who suspect scientific misconduct should consider taking informal action themselves, or reporting their concerns.

( See Gerald Koocher and Patricia Keith Speigel in NATURE Vol 466 22 July 2010: Peers Nip Misconduct in the Bud, and ( with Joan Sieber ) Responding to Research Wrongdoing: A User Friendly Guide, July 2010.

) This question is of great importance since much research suggests that it is very difficult for people to act or come forward when they see unacceptable behavior, unless they have help from their organizations.

A " User-friendly Guide ," and the existence of a confidential organizational ombudsman may help people who are uncertain about what to do, or afraid of bad consequences for their speaking up.

( See Mary Rowe, Linda Wilcox and Howard Gadlin, Dealing with — or Reporting —" Unacceptable " Behavior — with additional thoughts about the " Bystander Effect ," in JIOA, vol. 2, no. 1, pp52 – 62.