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Other evidence comes from experimental studies showing that some manipulations ( e. g., a distractor task, such as repeatedly subtracting a single-digit number from a larger number following learning ; cf Brown-Peterson procedure ) impair memory for the 3 to 5 most recently learned words of a list ( it is presumed, still held in short-term memory ), while leaving recall for words from earlier in the list ( it is presumed, stored in long-term memory ) unaffected ; other manipulations ( e. g., semantic similarity of the words ) affect only memory for earlier list words, but do not affect memory for the last few words in a list.
These results show that different factors affect short-term recall ( disruption of rehearsal ) and long-term recall ( semantic similarity ).
Together, these findings show that long-term memory and short-term memory can vary independently of each other.

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