Page "Surgery" Paragraph 57

In Europe, the demand grew for surgeons to formally study for many years before practicing ; universities such as Montpellier, Padua and Bologna were particularly renowned.

According to Peter Elmer and Ole Peter Grell, " Guy de Chauliac ( 1298-1368 ) was one of the most eminent surgeons of the Middle Ages.

His Chirurgia Magna or Great Surgery ( 1363 ) was a standard text for surgeons until well into the seventeenth century.

" By the fifteenth century at the latest, surgery had split away from physic as its own subject, of a lesser status than pure medicine, and initially took the form of a craft tradition until Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, laying the foundation for modern Western surgical manuals up to the modern time.

Late in the nineteenth century, Bachelor of Surgery degrees ( usually ChB ) began to be awarded with the ( MB ), and the mastership became a higher degree, usually abbreviated ChM or MS in London, where the first degree was MB, BS.