Page "Treaty of Nanking" Paragraph 1

In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack the city, representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiated aboard HMS Cornwallis anchored at Nanking.

On 29 August 1842, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives, Qiying, Yilibu, and Niujian, signed the treaty.

It consisted of thirteen articles and ratification by Queen Victoria and the Daoguang Emperor was exchanged nine months later.