Page "Ulama" Paragraph 19

In 1961, Gamal Abdel Nasser put the Al-Azhar University, one of the highest Islamic intellectual authorities, under the direct control of the state.

" The Azharis were even put in army uniforms and had to parade under the command of army officers " ( G. Keppel, Jihad ).

In Turkey, the traditional dervish tekkes and Islamic schools were dissolved and replaced by state-controlled religious schools in the 1950s and 1960s.

After the independence of Algeria, President Ahmed Ben Bella also deprived the Algerian ulama of their power.