Page "Unfunded mandate" Paragraph 2

As of 1992, there were 172 federal mandates that obligated state or local governments to fund programs to some extent .< ref > Dilger, Robert J., and Richard S. Beth.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues.

Publication no.

7-5700.

Congressional Research Service, 2012.

Print .< http :// www. fas. org / sgp / crs / misc / R40957. pdf ></ ref > Beginning with the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the United States federal government has designed laws that require spending by state and local governments in order to promote national goals .< ref >" Voting Rights Act.

" America's Historical Documents.

Web.

08 Apr.

2012.

< http :// www. archives. gov / historical-docs / document. html? doc = 18 >.</ ref > During the 1970s, the national government promoted education, mental health, and environmental programs by implementing grant projects at a state and local level ; the grants were so common that the federal assistance for these programs made up over a quarter of state and local budgets.

The rise in federal mandates led to more mandate regulation.

During the Reagan Administration, Executive Order 12291 and the State and Local Cost Estimate Act of 1981 were passed, which implemented a careful examination of the true costs of federal unfunded mandates.

More reform for federal mandates came in 1995 with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act ( UMRA ), which promoted a Congressional focus on the costs imposed onto intergovernmental entities and the private sector because of federal mandates .< ref > Anderson, Stacy, and Russell Constantine.

Unfunded Mandates.

Briefing Paper No. 7.

Harvard Law School Federal Budget Policy Seminar, 3 May 2005.

Web.

8 Apr.

2012.

< http :// www. law. harvard. edu / faculty / hjackson / UnfundedMandates_7. pdf ></ ref > Familiar examples of Federal Unfunded Mandates in the United States include the Americans with Disabilities Act and Medicaid .< ref > Dilger, Robert J., and Richard S. Beth.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues.

Publication no.

7-5700.

Congressional Research Service, 2012.