Page "Young Ottomans" Paragraph 1

In 1867, Namik Kemal and other Young Ottomans published the open letter of a disgruntled Egyptian prince Mustafa Fazl Pasha to the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, advocating constitutional and parliamentary governance.

After the publication, the Ottoman government cracked down on Young Ottomans causing them to flee to Paris, where they continued operating under the patronage of Mustafa Fazl Pasha.