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For purposes of sample selection only ( individual tests were given later ) we obtained group test scores of reading achievement and intelligence from school records of the entire third-grade population in each school system.

The subjects for this study were randomly selected from stratified areas of the distribution, one-third as underachievers, one-third medium, and one-third over-achievers.

Children whose reading scores were at least one standard deviation below the regression line of each total third-grade school population were considered under-achievers for the purposes of sample selection.

Over-achievers were at least one standard deviation above the regression line in their school system.

The final sample was not significantly different from a normal distribution in regard to reading achievement or intelligence test scores.

Twenty-four classrooms in twelve unstructured schools furnished 156 cases, 87 boys and 69 girls.

Eight classrooms in three structured schools furnished 72 cases, 36 boys and 36 girls.

Administrative restrictions necessitated the smaller sample size in the structured schools.