Robert Hooke, in 1674, published his observations of γ Draconis, a star of magnitude 2 < sup > m </ sup > which passes practically overhead at the latitude of London, and whose observations are therefore free from the complex corrections due to astronomical refraction, and concluded that this star was 23 ″ more northerly in July than in October.

It exists in four major polymorphs: α, β, γ and T. Whereas α, β and T phases are based on B < sub > 12 </ sub > icosahedra, the γ-phase can be described as a rocksalt-type arrangement of the icosahedra and B < sub > 2 </ sub > atomic pairs.

: df < sub > x </ sub >( γ ′( 0 ))

where x < sub > 0 </ sub > is the location parameter, specifying the location of the peak of the distribution, and γ is the scale parameter which specifies the half-width at half-maximum ( HWHM ).

Therefore, more robust means of estimating the central value x < sub > 0 </ sub > and the scaling parameter γ are needed.

One simple method is to take the median value of the sample as an estimator of x < sub > 0 </ sub > and half the sample interquartile range as an estimator of γ.

Maximum likelihood can also be used to estimate the parameters x < sub > 0 </ sub > and γ.

Maximizing the log likelihood function with respect to x < sub > 0 </ sub > and γ produces the following system of equations:

Solving just for x < sub > 0 </ sub > requires solving a polynomial of degree 2n − 1, and solving just for γ requires solving a polynomial of degree n ( first for, then x < sub > 0 </ sub >).

Pick a point x < sub > 0 </ sub > in the orbit γ and consider the points in phase space in that neighborhood that are perpendicular to v ( x < sub > 0 </ sub >).

These points are a Poincaré section S ( γ, x < sub > 0 </ sub >), of the orbit.

In the initial state ( at the bottom ; early time ) there is one electron ( e < sup >-</ sup >) and one positron ( e < sup >+</ sup >) and in the final state ( at the top ; late time ) there are two photons ( γ ).

The G-protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type ( G < sub > αs </ sub >, G < sub > αi / o </ sub >, G < sub > αq / 11 </ sub >, G < sub > α12 / 13 </ sub >).

The hydrolysis of the γ phosphate of GTP into guanosine diphosphate ( GDP ) and P < sub > i </ sub >, inorganic phosphate, occurs by the S < sub > N </ sub > 2 mechanism ( see nucleophilic substitution ) via a pentavalent intermediate state and is dependent on the magnesium ion Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup >.

A variant hemoglobin, called fetal hemoglobin ( HbF, α < sub > 2 </ sub > γ < sub > 2 </ sub >), is found in the developing fetus, and binds oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin.

where A ∈ N ( i. e., A is a single nonterminal ), α, β ∈ ( N U Σ )* ( i. e., α and β are strings of nonterminals and terminals ) and γ ∈ ( N U Σ )< sup >+</ sup > ( i. e., γ is a nonempty string of nonterminals and terminals ).

< sup > γ </ sup > See, for example, the Winter 2006 issue of the Journal of Libertarian Studies, dedicated to reviews of Kevin Carson's Studies in Mutualist Political Economy.

The γ < sup > μ </ sup > are Dirac matrices connecting the spinor representation to the vector representation of the Lorentz group.

Gamma ( γ ) radiation consists of photons with a frequency of greater than 10 < sup > 19 </ sup > Hz.

where γ < sup >*</ sup > is the conjugate of γ, and the product is Clifford multiplication.

In this construction a spinor can be represented as a vector of 2 < sup > k </ sup > complex numbers and is denoted with spinor indices ( usually α, β, γ ).

In the Babylonian star catalogues, Triangulum together with γ And formed the constellation known as < sup > MUL </ sup > APIN () " The Plough ".

γ Equ consists of a primary star with a magnitude around 4. 7 ( slightly variable ) and a secondary star of magnitude 11. 6, separated by 2 arcseconds.

In human infants, the hemoglobin molecule is made up of 2 α chains and 2 γ chains.

* Hemoglobin Portland ( ζ < sub > 2 </ sub > γ < sub > 2 </ sub >)

* Hemoglobin F ( α < sub > 2 </ sub > γ < sub > 2 </ sub >) ()

* Hemoglobin F ( α < sub > 2 </ sub > γ < sub > 2 </ sub >)-In adults Hemoglobin F is restricted to a limited population of red cells called F-cells.

* Voltage-gated calcium channels: This family contains 10 members, though these members are known to coassemble with α < sub > 2 </ sub > δ, β, and γ subunits.

Euler is the only mathematician to have two numbers named after him: the immensely important Euler's Number in calculus, e, approximately equal to 2. 71828, and the Euler-Mascheroni Constant γ ( gamma ) sometimes referred to as just " Euler's constant ", approximately equal to 0. 57721.

The red-colored α, β and γ forms are produced from solutions of black selenium by varying evaporation rates of the solvent ( usually CS < sub > 2 </ sub >).

* Similarly the even-graded element γ = − σ < sub > 1 </ sub > σ < sub > 2 </ sub > corresponds to a vector rotation of 180 °:

Suppose two curves γ < sub > 1 </ sub >: (- 1, 1 ) → M and γ < sub > 2 </ sub >: (- 1, 1 ) → M with γ < sub > 1 </ sub >( 0 )

x are given such that φ ∘ γ < sub > 1 </ sub > and φ ∘ γ < sub > 2 </ sub > are both differentiable at 0.

* γ < sup > 1 </ sup > Nor and γ < sup > 2 </ sup > Nor comprise an easy optical double.

It lies about five degrees west-northwest of γ < sup > 1 </ sup > Nor, though its actual distance has been variously estimated at 1000 – 4700 ly.

* γ Apodis is an orange giant 160 light years away, with a magnitude of 3. 9.

* NGC 6101 is a 14th magnitude globular cluster, located seven degrees north of γ Aps.

In Chinese, the asterism consisting of α, β, and γ Aquilae is known as (, ).

Another star visible to the naked eye is γ Capricorni, sometimes called Nashira ; it is a white-hued giant star of magnitude 3. 7, 139 light-years from Earth.

The name context-sensitive is explained by the α and β that form the context of A and determine whether A can be replaced with γ or not.

* γ Cae is a double star with an orange-hued primary of magnitude 4. 6 and a secondary of magnitude 8. 1.

γ is also equal to half the interquartile range and is sometimes called the probable error.

Note that is a monotone function in γ and that the solution γ must satisfy.

If X is Cauchy distributed with median μ and scale parameter γ, then the complex variable

Then, considering all three colour channels, and assuming that the colour channels are expressed in a γ = 1 colour space ( that is to say, the measured values are proportional to light intensity ), we have:

Note that if the operations are performed in a colour space where γ is not equal to 1 then the operation will lead to non-linear effects which can potentially be seen as aliasing artifacts ( or ' jaggies ') along sharp edges in the matte.

From the above properties an important feature arises: Looking at two triangles ABD and BCD with the common edge BD ( see figures ), if the sum of the angles α and γ is less than or equal to 180 °, the triangles meet the Delaunay condition.

Image: Delaunay_geometry. png | This triangulation does not meet the Delaunay condition ( the sum of α and γ is bigger than 180 °).

* Prediction: For every state in S ( k ) of the form ( X → α • Y β, j ) ( where j is the origin position as above ), add ( Y → • γ, k ) to S ( k ) for every production in the grammar with Y on the left-hand side ( Y → γ ).