The Bohr model | Rutherford – Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.

* 1871 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand-English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1937 )

* 1879 – Women's rights: American President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Frederick Soddy ( 2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956 ) was an English radiochemist and monetary economist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.

* 1870 – Walter Rutherford, Scottish golfer ( death date unknown )

* 1892 – Margaret Rutherford, English actress ( d. 1972 )

* 1877 – U. S. presidential election, 1876: Just two days before inauguration, the U. S. Congress declares Rutherford B. Hayes the winner of the election even though Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote on November 7, 1876.

* 1972 – Margaret Rutherford, English actress ( b. 1892 )

* 1917 – Ann Rutherford, American actress ( d. 2012 )

* 1968 – Kelly Rutherford, American actress

* 1749 – Daniel Rutherford, Scottish chemist and physician ( d. 1819 )

* 1964 – Frank Rutherford, Bahamian athlete

* 1822 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States ( d. 1893 )

* Samuel Rutherford Crockett: The Raiders ( 1894 ) – a novel about smugglers in Galloway

* Chemistry – Ernest Rutherford

* May 25 – Indianapolis 500: Johnny Rutherford wins for a third time in car owner Jim Hall's revolutionary ground effect Chaparral car ; the victory is Hall's second as an owner.

* May 30 – Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the ( rain-shortened ) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 255 miles ( 408 km ).

* November 2 – Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress ( d. 2012 )

* October 19 – Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( b. 1871 )

* January 17 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States ( b. 1822 )

* November 7 – U. S. presidential election, 1876: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford Birchard Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel Jones Tilden.

* August 30 – Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( d. 1937 )

As Niels Bohr once said in 1962, " You see actually the Rutherford work nuclear atom was not taken seriously.

Furthermore, as noted by Bohr, Moseley's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the ( new from 1911 ) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek of the atom, with a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by negatively-charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges ( later discovered and called protons ) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements.

In physics, Rutherford scattering is a phenomenon that was explained by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, and led to the development of the Rutherford model ( planetary model ) of the atom, and eventually to the Bohr model.

From left to right: Top row-Archimedes, Aristotle, Alhazen | Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ; Second row-Isaac Newton, James Hutton, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel ; Third row-Louis Pasteur, James Clerk Maxwell, Henri Poincaré, Sigmund Freud, Nikola Tesla, Max Planck ; Fourth row-Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi ; Bottom row-J. Robert Oppenheimer, Alan Turing, Richard Feynman, E. O. Wilson, Jane Goodall, Stephen Hawking

Famous scientists associated with the university include physicists Osborne Reynolds, Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick, Arthur Schuster, Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden and Balfour Stewart.

To Rutherford, the gold foil experiment implied that the positive charge was confined to a very small nucleus leading first to the Rutherford model, and eventually to the Bohr model of the atom, where the positive nucleus is surrounded by the negative electrons.

H-alpha Emission: In the simplified Rutherford Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the Balmer lines result from an electron jump between the second energy level closest to the nucleus, and those levels more distant.

In the simplified Bohr model | Rutherford Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the Balmer lines result from an electron jump between the second energy level closest to the nucleus, and those levels more distant.

Hart also substituted Niels Bohr and Henri Becquerel with Ernest Rutherford, thus correcting an error in the first edition.

Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr presented the more viable Bohr model in 1913.

In 1936, Dunning received a Traveling Fellowship, which he used to meet and discuss his neutron physics research with many eminent European nuclear physicists including Niels Bohr, James Chadwick, Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, and Ernest Rutherford.

In 1921, a visit by Niels Bohr to Cambridge inspired Douglas to apply his numerical skills to Bohr ’ s theory of the atom, for which he obtained his Ph. D. in 1926-his advisor was Ernest Rutherford.

After the discovery by Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr of the atomic structure in 1912, and by Marie and Pierre Curie of radioactivity, scientists had to change their viewpoint on the nature of matter.

The similarity of the effective potential ‘ seen ’ by the outer electron to the hydrogen potential is a defining characteristic of Rydberg states and explains why the electron wavefunctions approximate to classical orbits in the limit of the correspondence principle .< ref name =" Classical "> In other words, the electron's orbit resembles the orbit of planets inside a solar system, much like the obsolete but visually useful Bohr and Rutherford models of the atom used to show.

This in turn was able to produce quantitative predictions for spectral lines in keeping with the Bohr / Rutherford semi-quantum model of the atom, which assumed that all positive charge was concentrated at the center of the atom, and that all spectral lines result from changes in total energy of electrons circling it as they move from one permitted level of angular momentum and energy to another.

The fact that Bohr's model of the energies in the atom could be made to calculate X-ray spectral lines from aluminum to gold in the periodic table, and that these depended reliably and quantitatively on atomic number, did a great deal for the acceptance of the Rutherford / van den Broek / Bohr view of the structure of the atom.

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms.

A generic atomic planetary model, or the Rutherford model

Rutherford interpreted the gold foil experiment as suggesting that the positive charge of a heavy gold atom and most of its mass was concentrated in a nucleus at the center of the atom — the Rutherford model.

The 1904 Thomson model was disproved by the 1909 gold foil experiment, which was interpreted by Ernest Rutherford in 1911

to imply a very small nucleus of the atom containing a very high positive charge ( in the case of gold, enough to balance about 100 electrons ), thus leading to the Rutherford model of the atom.

A diagram of an atom based on the Rutherford model

The discovery, beginning with Rutherford's analysis of the data in 1911, eventually led to the Rutherford model of the atom, in which the atom has a very small, very dense nucleus containing most of its mass, and consisting of heavy positively charged particles with embedded electrons in order to balance out the charge ( since the neutron was unknown ).

The Rutherford model worked quite well until studies of nuclear spin were carried out by Franco Rasetti at the California Institute of Technology in 1929.

By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1 / 2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1 / 2.

* 1911 Ernest Rutherford explains the Geiger-Marsden experiment by invoking a nuclear atom model and derives the Rutherford cross section