Philosophers using the term metaphilosophy being still a minority, it might be surmised that the majority does not consider the idea worth exploring.

There is also the lumpers / splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others: one author might feel a strong need to differentiate between " The Age of Reason " or " Early Modern Philosophers " and " The Enlightenment "; another author might write from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a single period.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

Several schools of thought existed within the medical field during Galen's lifetime, the main two being the Empiricists and Rationalists ( also called Dogmatists or Philosophers ), with the Methodists being a smaller group.

Philosophers, such as Fiona Cowie and Barbara Scholz with Geoffrey Pullum have also argued against certain nativist claims in support of empiricism.

* Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982 ; reissued as Hegel: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001 ; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997

Philosophers of law are also concerned with a variety of philosophical problems that arise in particular legal subjects, such as constitutional law, contract law, criminal law, and torts.

Philosophers also vary in the question of whether language is basically a tool for representing and referring to objects in the world, or whether it is a system used to construct mental representations of the world that can be shared and circulated between people.

Philosophers point out also that the exact meaning of simplest may be nuanced.

Philosophers such as Pierre Duhem and Gaston Bachelard also wrote their works with this world-historical approach to science.

Philosophers have argued that either Determinism is true or Indeterminism is true, but also that Free Will either exists or it does not.

Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus.

Some recent art historians also involve Titian in the Three Philosophers.

Later authors combined Daoism with Confucianism and Legalism, such as Liu An ( 2nd century BCE ), whose Huainanzi ( The Philosophers of Huai-nan ) also added to the fields of geography and topography.

Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus.

Rithmomachy ( or Rithmomachia, also Arithmomachia, Rythmomachy, Rhythmomachy, or sundry other variants ; sometimes known as The Philosophers ' Game ) is a highly complex, early European mathematical board game.

Philosophers in this camp argue that once we recognize that it makes no sense for philosophy to make scientific-technical progress, we ought to also realize that it makes no sense for philosophy to aspire to it either.

However, scholars have also found implicit traces of the idea in the works of Al-Ghazali ( The Incoherence of the Philosophers ), Averroes ( The Incoherence of the Incoherence ), Fakhr al-Din al-Razi ( Matalib al -' Aliya ) and John Duns Scotus.

Philosophers of science have also commented on the term.

The sketch is also featured on the Matching Tie and Handkerchief album and in many of the team's stage shows, where it would be capped with a performance of The Philosophers ' Song.

He also helped to establish the journal Faith and Philosophy and the Society of Christian Philosophers.

She also wrote the satirical novel Memoirs of Modern Philosophers ( 1800 ), and the anti-Jacobin Letters of a Hindoo Rajah in 1796, a work in the tradition of Montesquieu and Goldsmith.

' Sayings of the Philosophers ' are remarks of the philosophers gathered at the tomb of Alexander, who utter a series of apophthegms on the theme of the brevity of life and the transience of human achievement ... a work entitled ' Sayings of the Philosophers ' was first composed in Syriac in the sixth century ; a longer Arabic version was composed by Hunayan Ibn Ishaq ( 809-973 ) the distinguished scholar-translator, and a still longer one by al-Mubashshir ibn Fatiq ( who also wrote a book about Alexander ) around 1053.

Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle also act as doxographers, as their comments on the ideas of their predecessors indirectly tell us what their predecessors ' beliefs were.

Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.

Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

A number of young Maoists abandoned their beliefs to become the so-called New Philosophers, often citing Foucault as their major influence, a status Foucault had mixed feelings about.

Philosophers tend to motivate various conceptual analyses by appeal to their intuitions about thought experiments.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

( 1 ) Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851 ; ( 2 ) Music ; ( 3 ) Sculpture ; ( 4 ) Painting ; ( 5 ) Princes, Art Patrons and Artists ; ( 6 ) Workers in Stone ; ( 7 ) Workers in Wood and Brick ; ( 8 ) Architecture ; ( 9 ) The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences ; ( 10 ) Agriculture ; ( 11 ) Horticulture and Land Surveying ; ( 12 ) Astronomy and Navigation ; ( 13 ) A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students ; ( 14 ) Engineering ; ( 15 ) The Mechanical Powers ; and ( 16 ) Pottery and Glassmaking.

Philosophers can eat if neither of their neighbors are eating.

* Philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Rée and their mutual friend Lou Andreas-Salomé lived in an " academic commune " around 1882.

Philosophers were less concerned with such mathematical calculations than with the nature of the celestial spheres, their relation to revealed accounts of created nature, and the causes of their motion.

Philosophers who worry about ceteris paribus analyses do not worry about this sort ; their worries are focused on ceteris paribus clauses that are not even eliminable in principle.

On 16 December, the appearance of an illuminating sun disc on the wording of the Cenotaph stone, transform their meaning as per the Philosophers Stone of the alchemists.

Professional Philosophers therefore must either provide more detail regarding their views or accept that their views are simply ethnocentric.

In fact, the attacks directed against the philosophers by Gazzali in his work, " TuḦfat al-Falasafa " ( The Destruction of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism, they thereafter making their theories clearer and their logic closer.

The " love of God " and " fear of God " receive different interpretations across the historic texts of Judaism, from their different appellations in the Song of Songs, through the Talmud, Medieval Jewish Philosophers, Musar literature and the Kabbalah.

Philosophers originally thought that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds and monkeys making tools.

Philosophers distinguished veins from arteries, but thought the pulse was a property of arteries themselves.

Philosophers, mathematicians, and others ancient and modern such as Aristotle, Plato, Frege, Wittgenstein, Russell etc., have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality, coherent abstractions, and that which cannot even be rationally thought.

Philosophers of science have emphasized the importance of heuristics in creative thought and constructing scientific theories.

Although Al-Ghazali ( d. 1111 ) was not entirely in agreement with the Ash ' ari school, the most influential work of the Asharite thought became his treatise The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

Philosophers such as Kant and Bergson inspired the mainstream of Modernist thought.

Philosophers such as René Descartes and Spinoza had built whole systems of thought on this assumption.

The patron ’ s desire to gain stature in society overshadowed the members desire to be thought of as Philosophers of Natural History.