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Page "Louis IX of France" ¶ 41
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Sicily and was
Boniface had to uphold the sacredness of the feudal contract at all costs, for it was only as suzerain of Sicily and of the Patrimony of Peter that he had any justification for his Italian wars, but in the English-Scottish-French triangle it was almost impossible for him to recognize the claims of any one of the contestants without seeming to invalidate those of the other two.
His paternal great-grandfather was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War.
Even though the stone had been around centuries and was known to both the Sumerians and the Egyptians, both who used the gem for decoration and for playing important parts in their religious ceremonies, any agate of this color from Sicily, once an ancient Greek colony, is called Greek agate.
Several attempts to find a new home failed ; one such stop was on Sicily where in Drepanum, on the island's western coast, his father, Anchises, died peacefully.
He was a son of Peter III of Aragon and his Queen consort Constance of Sicily, daughter and heiress of Manfred of Sicily.
Alfonso the Magnanimous KG ( also Alphonso ; ; 1396 – 27 June 1458 ) was the King of Aragon ( as Alfonso V ), Valencia ( as Alfonso III ), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica ( as Alfonso II ), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso IV ) from 1416 and King of Naples ( as Alfonso I ) from 1442 until his death.
By hereditary right he was king of Sicily and disputed the island of Sardinia with Genoa.
He was implicated during the Peloponnesian War in the mutilation of the Herms on the eve of the departure of the Athenian expedition against Sicily in 415 BC.
Agathocles ( 361 – 289 BC ), ( Greek name Ἀγαθοκλῆς ( Agathokles ): derived from αγαθός ( agathos ) good and κλέος ( kleos ) glory ), was a Greek tyrant of Syracuse ( 317 – 289 BC ) and king of Sicily ( 304 – 289 BC ).
Agathocles was born at Thermae Himeraeae ( modern name Termini Imerese ) in Sicily.
After several victories he was at last completely defeated ( 307 BC ) and fled secretly to Sicily.
He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.
The sons were said to have become kings: Iocastus of the region in southern Italy as far as Rhegium ; Pheraemon and Androcles of the part of Sicily between the Strait of Messina and Lilybaeum ; Xuthus of Leontini ; Agathyrnus of what was known as Agathyrnitis, having founded Agathyrnum ; and Astyochus of Lipara.
Scarlatti was born in Palermo, then part of the Kingdom of Sicily.
Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century, that Russia, Venice, southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production.
He participated in the naval Battle of Lepanto against the Turks, 7 October 1571 and was Viceroy of Sicily in 1577-1584.
The Ancient Greek colony of Selinous ( Greek: Σελινοῦς, Selinoūs ), on Sicily, was named after wild parsley that grew abundantly there ; Selinountian coins depicted a parsley leaf as the symbol of the city.
There was a ferry link to Catania, Sicily and Genoa in Italy.
The Doric order later spread across Greece and into Sicily where it was the chief order for monumental architecture for 800 years.
The weapon was soon after employed against Motya ( 397 BC ), a key Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily.
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (; 29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 ) was an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1593 and 1610.
The weapon was soon after employed against Motya ( 397 BC ), a key Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily.
The anecdotes are literary, and late ; however, in the founding tales of the Greek colony of Gela, founded in the 680s on the southwest coast of Sicily, a tradition was preserved that the Greeks had seized cult images wrought by Daedalus from their local predecessors, the Sicani.

Sicily and at
* In 406 BC, after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily, the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans.
Although his home has been traditionally identified as one of the Aeolian Islands ( there is little consensus as to which ), near Sicily, an alternative location has been suggested at Gramvousa off the northwest coast of Crete.
Sicily, ever since P. Orsi excavated the Sicel cemetery near Lentini in 1877, has proved a mine of early remains, among which appear in regular succession Aegean fabrics and motives of decoration from the period of the second stratum at Hissarlik.
Locations include the Cyclopean Islands east off Sicily and near Trentino in northern Italy ; Victoria in Australia ; Kerguelen Island in the Indian Ocean ; in the Lake Superior copper district of Michigan, Bergen Hill, New Jersey, Golden, Colorado, and at Searles Lake, California in the United States ; and at Cape Blomidon, Nova Scotia and Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec in Canada ; and in Iceland.
Bonaparte's armada sailed from Toulon on 19 May 1798, making rapid progress through the Ligurian Sea and collecting more ships at Genoa before sailing southwards along the Sardinian coast, passing Sicily on 7 June.
Striking southwards in the hope of collecting information about French movements, Nelson's ships stopped at Elba and Naples, where the British ambassador Sir William Hamilton reported that the French fleet had passed Sicily in the direction of Malta.
Similarly those of the Palatine Chapel, the Martorana at Palermo, and the cathedral of Cefalù, together with the vast decoration of the cathedral at Monreale, demonstrate the influence of Byzantium on the Norman Court of Sicily in the twelfth century.
Josephus describes as Caligula's greatest contribution to have improved the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, thereby allowing grain imports from Egypt to increase.
Neither was heard of for over two months: at which point, in mid-July, Eleanor's ship finally reached Palermo in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead.
While the Romans did not wish to come to the aid of soldiers who had unjustly stolen a city from its rightful possessors, and although they were still recovering from the insurrection of Campanian troops at Rhegium in 271, many were also unwilling to see Carthaginian power in Sicily expand even further.
Leaving the Carthaginians alone at Messana would give them a free hand to deal with Syracuse ; after the Syracusans had been defeated, the Carthaginian takeover of Sicily would essentially be complete.
The land war in Sicily began with the Roman landing at Messana in 264 BC.
Instead of following the remaining Carthaginians at sea, Duilius sailed to Sicily to retrieve control of the troops.
Perhaps in response to Hamilcar's raids, Rome did build another fleet paid for with donations from wealthy citizens and it was that fleet which rendered the Carthaginian success in Sicily futile, as the stalemate Hamilcar produced in Sicily became irrelevant following the Roman naval victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, where the new Roman fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus was victorious over an undermanned and hastily built Carthaginian fleet.
Due to the difficulty of operating in Sicily, most of the First Punic War was fought at sea, including the most decisive battles.
The Romans win a victory at Panormus, in Sicily, but fail to make any further progress in the war.
From 1184 to 1186, the Hohenstaufen empire under Frederick I Barbarossa reached its peak in the Reichsfest ( imperial celebrations ) held at Mainz and the marriage of his son Henry in Milan to the Norman princess Constance of Sicily.
Pope Innocent III initially had supported the Welfs, but when Otto, now sole elected monarch, moved to appropriate Sicily, Innocent changed sides and accepted young Frederick II and his ally, King Philip II of France, who defeated Otto at the 1214 Battle of Bouvines.

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