*" Kant's ' Appropriation ' of Lampe's God ", Harvard Theological Review 85: 1 ( January 1992 ), pp. 85 – 108 ; revised and reprinted as Chapter IV in Stephen Palmquist, Kant's Critical Religion ( Ashgate, 2000 ).

The relevant theoretical concepts may purportedly be part of the structure of the human mind ( as in Kant's theory of transcendental idealism ), or they may be said to exist independently of the mind ( as in Plato's theory of Forms ).

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ( 1743 – 1819 ), characterized rationalism, and in particular Immanuel Kant's " critical " philosophy in order to carry out a reductio ad absurdum according to which all rationalism ( philosophy as criticism ) reduces to nihilism, and thus it should be avoided and replaced with a return to some type of faith and revelation.

a ) Kant's enormous influence on the concept of " fine art " ( the focus of Cheetham's book ), as it came into being in the mid to late 18th century, and

By Kant's account, when we employ a concept to describe or categorize noumena ( the objects of inquiry, investigation or analysis of the workings of the world ), we are in fact employing a way of describing or categorizing phenomena ( the observable manifestations of those objects of inquiry, investigation or analysis ).

His marked opposition to the philosophy of Hegel, then dominant in Berlin, was shown more clearly in the short tract, Neue Grundlegung zur Metaphysik ( 1822 ), intended to be the programme for his lectures as Privatdozent, and in the able treatise, Grundlegung zur Physik der Sitten ( 1822 ), written, in direct antagonism to Kant's Metaphysic of Ethics, to deduce ethical principles from a basis of empirical feeling.

Kant's work purported to bridge the two dominant philosophical schools in the 18th century: 1 ) rationalism, which held that knowledge could be attained by reason alone a priori ( prior to experience ), and 2 ) empiricism, which held that knowledge could be arrived at only through the senses a posteriori ( after experience ).

Brown's other work included a criticism of Erasmus Darwin's Zoonomia ( 1798 ), and he was one of the first contributors to the Edinburgh Review, in the second number of which he published a criticism of Immanuel Kant's philosophy, based entirely on Villers's French account of it.

The Groundwork of the Metaphysic ( s ) of Morals (, 1785 ), also known as Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals or Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, is Immanuel Kant's first contribution to moral philosophy.

Marxist Georg Lukács would also criticize, in his book History and Class Consciousness ( 1923 ), the Kantian abandon of knowledge of the concrete totality: according to Lukács, Kant's distinction between noumenons and phenomena lead to the abandonment of the knowledge of the historical process, which could be only apprehended, in his eyes, by dialectical materialism.

Sol LeWitt's Brick Wall, ( 1977 ), for instance, simply chronicled shadows as they passed across a brick wall, whilst Kozlowski's Reality ( 1972 ) took a section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, removing all of the text, leaving only the punctuation behind.

This makes their position very similar to transcendental idealism, resembling Kant's philosophy where there are only things-in-themselves ( which are very much like philosophical atoms ), and phenomenal properties.

* Kant's Life and Thought ( 1918 ), English translation 1981

A second historical tragedy, A faithful Servant of his Lord (, 1826, performed 1828 ), attempted to embody a more heroic gospel ; but the subject of the superhuman self-effacement of Bankbanus before Duke Otto of Meran proved too uncompromising an illustration of Kant's categorical imperative of duty to be palatable in the theatre.

The second main section of Kant's book, the ' Transcendental Doctrine of Method ', which determines the ' formal conditions of a complete system of pure reason ' ( A708, B735 ), is also relevant, especially to Hegel's concern for system.

* Stephen Palmquist ( 1993 ), Kant's System of Perspectives ( University Press of America )

* Stephen Palmquist ( 2000 ), Kant's Critical Religion ( Ashgate )

" In 1865 he became involved in an acrimonious controversy on the interpretation of Kant's doctrine of space with Kuno Fischer, whom he attacked in Kuno Fischer und sein Kant ( 1869 ), which drew forth the reply Anti-Trendelenburg ( 1870 ).

The book, along with Jonathan Bennett's Kant's Analytic ( Cambridge, 1966 ), reinvigorated Kant studies.

In A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace, part IV of Principles of International Law ( 1786 – 89 ), Jeremy Bentham proposed that disarmament, arbitration, and the renunciation of colonies would produce perpetual peace, thus relying merely on Kant's preliminary articles and on none of the three main points ; contrary to the modern theorists, he relied on public opinion, even against the absolute monarchy in Sweden.

In tune with Immanuel Kant's vision of a world state based on the voluntary political union of all countries of this planet in order to avoid colonialism and in particular any future war (" Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht ", 1784 ; " Zum ewigen Frieden ", 1795 ), some of these scenarios depict an egalitarian and environmentally sustainable world supervised ( rather than controlled ) by a benevolent ( and usually democratic ) world government.

Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ), one of the earliest scientific works on atomic theory

Cuarón studied Philosophy at the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and filmmaking at CUEC ( Centro Universitario de Estudios Cinematográficos ), a faculty of the same University.

* Sorabji, R., ( 2005 ), The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200-600 AD, Cornell University Press.

* Armstrong, A., ( 1967 ), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, pp. 196 – 200.

* Reale, G., ( 1990 ), A History of Ancient Philosophy IV: The Schools of the Imperial Age, SUNY Press, pp. 297 – 303.

( 1997 ), Aesthetics: A Reader in the Philosophy of the Arts.

), Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the LMPS.

These arguments, and a discussion of the distinctions between absolute and relative time, space, place and motion, appear in a Scholium at the very beginning of Newton's work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ( 1687 ), which established the foundations of classical mechanics and introduced his law of universal gravitation, which yielded the first quantitatively adequate dynamical explanation of planetary motion.

Hegel, in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right ( 1820 ), gave it a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the Protestant Christian view of natural law.

He uses the Latin " Cogito ergo sum " in the later Principles of Philosophy ( 1644 ), Part 1, article 7: "" At that time, the argument had become popularly known in the English speaking world as " the '' argument ", which is usually shortened to "" when referring to the principle virtually everywhere else.

* Z. Boufoy-Bastick, Introducing ' Applicable Knowledge ' as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge, Sophia Journal of Philosophy, VIII ( 2005 ), pp 39 – 52.

* R. Descartes ( translated by John Cottingham ), Meditations on First Philosophy, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes vol.

* Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language ( Columbia University Press 2007 ) ( ISBN 978-0-231-14044-7 ), co-authored with Maxwell Bennett, Peter Hacker, and John Searle

Throughout much of the academic world, the term " doctor " refers to an individual who has earned a degree of Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. D. ( an abbreviation for the Latin Philosophiæ Doctor ; or alternatively Doctor philosophiæ, D. Phil., meaning Teacher of Philosophy ), or other research doctorate such as the Doctor of Science, or Sc. D.

The most common is filosofian tohtori / filosofie doktor ( Doctor of Philosophy ), but more specializations are used than in English ( for example, tekniikan tohtori / teknologie doktor " Doctor of Science in Technology ").

Such encyclopedias included The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( first published in 1967 and now in its second edition ), and Elsevier's Handbooks In Economics series.

In his professorial doctoral dissertation, On the Concept of Number ( 1886 ) and in his Philosophy of Arithmetic ( 1891 ), Husserl sought, by employing Brentano's descriptive psychology, to define the natural numbers in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of Karl Weierstrass, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, and other contemporary mathematicians.

), a Master of Engineering Management, a Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph. D .) in Engineering, an Engineering Doctorate ( Eng. D.

The term esoteric first appeared in English in the 1701 History of Philosophy by Thomas Stanley, in his description of the mystery-school of Pythagoras ; the Pythagoreans were divided into " exoteric " ( under training ), and " esoteric " ( admitted into the " inner " circle ).

), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Eprint.

" This concern runs through all of his works, from Psychoanalysis and Transversality ( a collection of articles from 1957 to 1972 ), through Years of Winter ( 1980 – 1986 ) and Schizoanalytic Cartographies ( 1989 ), to his collaboration with Deleuze, What is Philosophy?

He studied and later lectured at Heythrop College and, seeing the poor standard of philosophical teaching in seminaries, wrote an influential nine-volume History of Philosophy ( 1946 – 75 ), which is highly respected.