Influential in the early days of Modernism were the theories of Sigmund Freud ( 1856 – 1939 ), and Ernst Mach ( 1838 – 1916 ).

Important literary precursors of Modernism were: Fyodor Dostoyevsky ( 1821 – 81 ) ( Crime and Punishment ( 1866 ), The Brothers Karamazov ( 1880 ); Walt Whitman ( 1819 – 92 ) ( Leaves of Grass ) ( 1855 – 91 ); Charles Baudelaire ( 1821 – 67 ) ( Les fleurs du mal ), Rimbaud ( 1854 – 91 ) ( Illuminations, 1874 ); August Strindberg ( 1849 – 1912 ), especially his later plays, including, the trilogy To Damascus 1898 – 1901, A Dream Play ( 1902 ), The Ghost Sonata ( 1907 ).

), The Cambridge Companion to Modernism ( Cambridge University Press, " Cambridge Companions to Literature " series, 1999, ISBN 0-521-49866-X ).

J. M. Thompson, in his 1914 article in The Hibbert Journal ( a quarterly philosophical review ), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion: " The raison d ' etre of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition.

Sedevacantists believe that Paul VI ( 1963 – 1978 ), John Paul I ( 1978 ), John Paul II ( 1978 – 2005 ) and Benedict XVI ( since 2005 ) have been neither true Catholics nor true Popes, by virtue of allegedly having espoused the heresy of Modernism, or of having otherwise denied or contradicted solemnly defined Catholic dogmas.

Gilbert was one of the first celebrity architects in America, designing skyscrapers in New York City and Cincinnati, campus buildings at Oberlin College and the University of Texas, state capitols in Minnesota and West Virginia, the support towers of the George Washington Bridge, various railroad stations ( including the New Haven Union Station ), and the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, D. C .. His reputation declined among some professionals during the age of Modernism, but he was on the design committee that guided and eventually approved the modernist design of Manhattan's groundbreaking Rockefeller Center: when considering Gilbert's body of works as whole, it is more eclectic than many critics admit.

Noting this important conceptual shift, major contemporary theorists such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism ( 1987 ), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History ( 1995 ), have suggested that this is a sign our culture has entered a new post-modern age, when the former modernist ways of thinking and behaving have been rendered redundant.

* Shaw, Jennifer L., Dream States: Puvis De Chavannes, Modernism, and the Fantasy of France ( 2002 ), Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08382-3

The New University Wits ( a term applied by William Van O ' Connor in his 1963 study The New University Wits and the End of Modernism ), refers to Oxbridge malcontents who explored the contrast between their upper-class university privilege and their middle-class upbringings.

Among the post-Impressionist movements in Paris were the Nabis, the Salon de la Rose + Croix, the Symbolist movement ( in music as well as visual art ), Fauvism, and early Modernism.

Paranoid Modernism: Literary Experiment, Psychosis, and the Professionalization of English Society, Oxford University Press, ( Oxford ), 2001.

* McMahan, David L. ( 2008 ), The Making of Buddhist Modernism.

( 2004 ), Modernism and music: an anthology of sources.

* Yiftachel, Oren, 1995, " The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority ," in Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson, eds., Postmodern Cities and Spaces ( Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell ), pp. 216 – 240.

This led to their record label Polydor rejecting their final album ( Modernism: A New Decade ), which was influenced by the house scene.

In 1998 Schorske published Thinking With History: Explorations in the Passage to Modernism ( Princeton University Press ), a collection of essays on Viennese and general history.

* Maude Petre ( 1863 – 1942 ), English nun and close friend of Tyrrell who wrote extensively as and about Modernism

The magical realist style and thematic substance of One Hundred Years of Solitude established it as an important, representative novel of the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, that was stylistically influenced by Modernism ( European and North American ), and the Cuban Vanguardia ( Vanguard ) literary movement.

With Mister Johnson ( 1939 ), written entirely in the present tense, Cary's work becomes generally identified with literary Modernism.

* Animal ( book ), full title Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to The World's WildLife, a 2003 non-fiction book by David Burnie and several co-authors

), The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics.

Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of Argentière and Lunel, and particularly by the support of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne, and of the eminent Talmudist Asheri of Toledo, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study physics or metaphysics before their thirtieth year of age ( basing his action on the principle laid down by Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed part one chapter 34 ), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on Sabbath, July 26, 1305.

The printed edition ( Presburg, 1838 ), prepared by M. L. Bislichis, contains: ( 1 ) Preface ; ( 2 ) a treatise of eighteen chapters on the incorporeality of God ; ( 3 ) correspondence ; ( 4 ) a treatise, called Sefer ha-Yarḥi, included also in letter 58 ; ( 5 ) a defense of The Guide and its author by Shem-Tob Palquera ( Grätz, Gesch.

* Seibel, " Data Entry Devices and Procedures ", in Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design, Van Cott and Kinkade ( Eds ), 1963

Historically, one of the most important protagonists of the movement was Walter Martin ( 1928 – 89 ), whose numerous books include the 1955 The Rise of the Cults: An Introductory Guide to the Non-Christian Cults and the 1965 The Kingdom of the Cults: An Analysis of Major Cult Systems in the Present Christian Era, which continues to be influential.

* See Dianne Durante, Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide ( New York University Press, 2007 ), with a discussion of the Verrazzano.

The French Revolution: A Beginner's Guide ( 2009 ), 192pp

Homer and His Guide, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau ( 1825 – 1905 ), portraying Homer on Mount Ida, beset by dogs and guided by the goatherder Glaucus ( as told in Pseudo-Herodotus )

This includes manuscript material for his books Guide to Jewish Religious Practice ( 1979 ), The Ten Commandments in a Changing World ( 1963 ), The Anguish and the Ecstasy of a Jewish Chaplain ( 1974 ), and his translation of The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ): Book 7, The Book of Agriculture ( 1979 ).

* Wraight, Christopher D. ( 2008 ), Rousseau's The Social Contract: A Reader's Guide.

* How to Read a Book: The Art of Getting a Liberal Education ( 1940 ), 1966 edition subtitled A Guide to Reading the Great Books, 1972 revised edition with Charles Van Doren, The Classic Guide to Intelligent Reading: ISBN 0-671-21209-5

Several New Age publications appeared by the late 1980s such as Psychic Guide ( later renamed Body, Mind & Spirit ), Yoga Journal, New Age Voice, New Age Retailer, and NAPRA ReView by the New Age Publishers and Retailers Alliance.

* The Viking Opera Guide, edited by Amanda Holden ( 1994 ), 1, 328 pages, ISBN 0-670-81292-7

* Animal Liberation: A Graphic Guide ( co-author with Lori Gruen ), Camden Press, London, 1987

PMI publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK Guide ), which describes project management practices that are common to " most projects, most of the time.

* Several new player races appeared in a late addition to the line, Zebulon's Guide to Frontier Space, and include the Humma ( which resemble kangaroos ), Ifshnit ( akin to dwarves ), Osakar ( lanky, parthenogenic quadrupeds ) and Mechanons ( intelligent robots ).

Of the three planned volumes of the Guide, only the first was ever published ( in 1985 ), leaving the game in an uncomfortable, half-overhauled state.

Non-candy products featured in Seinfeld include Rold Gold pretzels ( whose advertisements at the time featured Jason Alexander ), Kenny Rogers Roasters ( a chicken restaurant chain ), Oreo Cookies, Triscuits, Ben & Jerry's, H & H Bagels, Baskin-Robbins, Dockers, Drake's Coffee Cakes, Ring Dings, Pepsi, Mello Yello, Snapple, Clearly Canadian, Bosco Chocolate Syrup, Kix ( cereal ), Cadillac, Saab, Ford Escort, Tyler Chicken ( a parody of Tyson Chicken ), Specialized Bicycles, Nike, BMW, Volvo, Toyota, Tupperware, Calvin Klein, Klein Bicycles, Ovaltine, Yoo-hoo, Arby's, TV Guide, Trump Tower, Glide Floss, Gore-Tex, Entenmann's, J. Peterman clothing catalog, and the board games Risk, Boggle, Trivial Pursuit, Scrabble, and Battleship.

Although Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico, both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading, not fieldwork, mainly the Classics ( literature and history of Greece and Rome ), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists.

* and ( previously ), defining the abstract-related requirements in a European patent application

According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but outbreaks after European colonization, in 1921 ( 185 cases ), 1931 ( 76 cases ), and 1944 ( 95 cases ), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.

abate ), as commonly used in the Catholic Church on the European continent, is the equivalent of the English " Father " ( parallel etymology ), being loosely applied to all who have received the tonsure.

NASA's planned Space Interferometry Mission ( SIM PlanetQuest ) ( now cancelled ) was to utilize astrometric techniques to detect terrestrial planets orbiting 200 or so of the nearest solar-type stars, and the European Space Agency's GAIA ( due to launch in 2012 ), which will be applying astrometric techniques in its stellar census.

Eastern European theorists include Pyotr Stolypin ( 1862 – 1911 ) and Alexander Chayanov ( 1888 – 1939 ) in Russia ; Adolph Wagner ( 1835 – 1917 ), and Karl Oldenberg in Germany, and Bolesław Limanowski ( 1835 – 1935 ) in Poland.

Essays in European Economic History, 1500 – 1800, ( 1974 ), translated articles from Annales

* Adrian Severin ( born 1954 ), Romanian politician and Member of the European Parliament

The early translators included Mashallah, who helped to elect the time for the foundation of Baghdad, and Sahl ibn Bishr, ( a. k. a. Zael ), whose texts were directly influential upon later European astrologers such as Guido Bonatti in the 13th century, and William Lilly in the 17th century.

On the European stage Roma won an Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960 – 61, coming close to European Cup victory in 1983 – 84 ( lost the one-legged final played at home against Liverpool after a penalty shootout ), and finishing as runners-up in the UEFA Cup for 1990 – 91 ( two-legged aggregate defeat against Internazionale ).

It is also the first known European record ( in chapter 38 ) that mentions Vinland ( Winland ) island ( insula ), a land centuries later possibly identified as Newfoundland, Canada, North America, as well as dog-headed people in Scandinavia.

The Community acquis or acquis communautaire (; ), sometimes called the EU acquis, and often shortened to acquis, is the accumulated legislation, legal acts, and court decisions which constitute the body of European Union law.

European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge ( approximately 2nd century AD ), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge ( 105 AD ) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.

Bay leaves are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines ( particularly those of the Mediterranean ), as well as in the Americas.

The Bahamas is a beneficiary of the U. S .- Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act ( CBTPA ), Canada's CARIBCAN program, and the European Union's Lome IV Agreement.

The Bahamas has a few notable industrial firms: the Freeport pharmaceutical firm, PFC Bahamas ( formerly Syntex ), which recently streamlined its production and was purchased by the Swiss pharmaceutical firm Roche ; the BORCO oil facility, also in Freeport, which transships oil in the region ; the Commonwealth Brewery in Nassau, which produces Heineken, Guinness, and Kalik beers ; and Bacardi Corp., which distills rum in Nassau for shipment to the U. S. and European markets.

The U. S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Support for Eastern European Democracies ( SEED ) has played a large role in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, including programs in economic development and reform, democratic reform ( media, elections ), infrastructure development, and training programs for Bosnian professionals, among others.

Bank for International Settlements, Council of Europe, Central European Initiative, EBRD, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, FAO, Group of 77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, International Criminal Court, International Development Association, IFAD, International Finance Corporation, IFRCS, ILO, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, International Organization for Migration ( observer ), ISO, ITU, Non-Aligned Movement ( guest ), Organization of American States ( observer ), OIC ( observer ), OPCW, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Southeast European Cooperative Initiative, United Nations, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ( observer )