Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

An American in Paris is scored for 3 flutes ( 3rd doubling on piccolo ), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B flat, bass clarinet in B flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns resembling the pitches A, B, C and D, alto saxophone / soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, baritone saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, and strings.

Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film was directed by Vincente Minnelli, featured many tunes of Gershwin, and concluded with an extensive, elaborate dance sequence built around the An American in Paris symphonic poem ( arranged for the film by Johnny Green ), costing $ 500, 000.

It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media ; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards ( for music ), Emmy Awards ( for television ), and Tony Awards ( for theatre ) are modeled after the Academy.

It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface, and for Terrestrial Time, which is used for astronomical calculations.

This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC-UTC ( k ) ( equivalent to TAI-TAI ( k )) for each participating institution k. ( The same circular also gives tables of TAI-TA ( k ), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.

The instant that the gravitational correction started to be applied serves as the epoch for Barycentric Coordinate Time ( TCB ), Geocentric Coordinate Time ( TCG ), and Terrestrial Time ( TT ).

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

He identified four major motives for altruism: altruism to ultimately benefit the self ( egoism ), to ultimately benefit the other person ( altruism ), to benefit a group ( collectivism ), or to uphold a moral principle ( principlism ).

In the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ), calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard.

Although Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico, both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading, not fieldwork, mainly the Classics ( literature and history of Greece and Rome ), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists.

Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 – 1881 ), a lawyer from Rochester, New York, became an advocate for and ethnological scholar of the Iroquois.

* Aliens ( Kaypro video game ), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP / M operating system

Most commentators consider Marcel Mauss ( 1872 – 1950 ), nephew of the influential sociologist Émile Durkheim, to be the founder of the French anthropological tradition.

Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel ( 1801 – 1872 ), an inventor and engineer, and Andriette Ahlsell Nobel ( 1805 – 1889 ).

Alcott's published books, all from late in his life, include Tablets ( 1868 ), Concord Days ( 1872 ), New Connecticut ( 1881 ), and Sonnets and Canzonets ( 1882 ).

* Alexandra Feodorovna ( Alix of Hesse ) ( 1872 – 1918 ), wife of Nicholas II of Russia

* Alexandra Kollontai ( 1872 – 1952 ), Russian politician

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

Paintings like The Cradle ( 1872 ), in which she depicted current trends for nursery furniture, reflect her sensitivity to fashion and advertising, both of which would have been apparent to her female audience.

Born into a privileged Unitarian family, Potter, along with her younger brother, Walter Bertram ( 1872 – 1918 ), grew up with few friends outside her large extended family.

* Buffalo ( 1872 – 1892 ), any of the ten South Devon Railway Buffalo class steam locomotives

Impression, Sunrise ( Impression, soleil levant ), 1872

Louise Abbéma, A Game of Croquet ( Trouville-sur-Mer | Trouville, 1872 ), private collection

Earlier censuses were taken in 1872 ( the first ), 1900, 1920, 1941, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010.

In various revised editions ( 12 in all, through 1872 ), Principles of Geology was the most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century, and did much to put geology on a modern footing.

In the fall of 1872 he entered the Friedrichskolleg Gymnasium ( Collegium fridericianum, the same school that Immanuel Kant had attended 140 years before ), but after an unhappy period he transferred ( fall 1879 ) to and graduated from ( spring 1880 ) the more science-oriented Wilhelm Gymnasium.

The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire ( 1835 – 1836, 1843 – 1851 ), Jacques Monsabré ( 1869 – 1870, 1872 – 1890 ), Joseph Ollivier ( 1871, 1897 ), Thomas Etourneau ( 1898 – 1902 ).

The Church considers the first seven Ecumenical Councils ( held between the 4th and the 8th century ) to be the most important ; however, there have been more, specifically the Synods of Constantinople, 879 – 880, 1341, 1347, 1351, 1583, 1819, and 1872, the Synod of Iaşi ( Jassy ), 1642, and the Pan-Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem, 1672, all of which helped to define the Orthodox position.

He had two elder brothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer ( 1799 – 1877 ) and Henry ( 1801 – 1872 ), later Lord Dalling and Bulwer.

Benito Juárez ( 1806 – 1872 ), President of Mexico 1858 – 1872.

* SS Glaucus ( 1871 ), a sister ship of SS Antenor ( 1872 )

Gilbert worked with Frederic Clay on Happy Arcadia ( 1872 ) and with Alfred Cellier on Topsyturveydom ( 1874 ), and wrote The Wicked World ( 1873 ) Sweethearts ( 1874 ) and several other libretti, farces, extravaganzas, fairy comedies, dramas and adaptations.

; General Secondary: Lycée d ' Enseignement général ( School of General Teaching ), lycées polyvalents ( General-Purpose School ) Length of program: three yearsAge range: 15 to 18Certificate / diploma awarded: Baccalauréat de l ' Enseignement secondaire ( Bachelor's Degree of Secondary School )

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The meaning of the epithet " Lyceus " later became associated Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddes of Lycia ( Λυκία ) and who was identified with the wolf ( λύκος ), earning him the epithets Lycegenes ( ; Λυκηγενής, Lukēgenēs, literally " born of a wolf " or " born of Lycia ") and Lycoctonus ( ; Λυκοκτόνος, Lukoktonos, from λύκος, " wolf ", and κτείνειν, " to kill ").

Apollo was worshipped as Actiacus ( ; Ἄκτιακός, Aktiakos, literally " Actian "), Delphinius ( ; Δελφίνιος, Delphinios, literally " Delphic "), and Pythius ( ; Πύθιος, Puthios, from Πυθώ, Pūthō, the area around Delphi ), after Actium ( Ἄκτιον ) and Delphi ( Δελφοί ) respectively, two of his principal places of worship.

He was worshipped as Acraephius ( ; Ἀκραιφιος, Akraiphios, literally " Acraephian ") or Acraephiaeus ( ; Ἀκραιφιαίος, Akraiphiaios, literally " Acraephian ") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia ( Ἀκραιφία ), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus ; and as Smintheus ( ; Σμινθεύς, Smintheus, " Sminthian "— that is, " of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe ") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus.

As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor ( ; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ὰφίημι, " to let loose ") or Aphetorus ( ; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin ), Argyrotoxus ( ; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argurotoxos, literally " with silver bow "), Hecaërgus ( ; Ἑκάεργος, Hekaergos, literally " far-shooting "), and Hecebolus ( ; Ἑκηβόλος, Hekēbolos, literally " far-shooting ").

The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom ; thus, A = Z + N. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ), and the mass defect is usually very small compared to the mass, the atomic mass of an atom is roughly equal to A.

Adobe (, ; Arabic: الطوب ) is a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material ( sticks, straw, and / or manure ), which the builders shape into bricks ( using frames ) and dry in the sun.

* Atlas ( mythology ), a Titan who bore the spheres of the heavens ; inspiring the widely used image of a man carrying a celestial sphere on his back or shoulders ( also known as Atlas Telamon or " enduring Atlas ")

Almost all species have a tight cluster of leaves ( a rosette ), either at the base of the plant or at the end of a more-or-less woody stem ; the leaves are less often produced along the stem.

It is possible to prove many theorems using neither the axiom of choice nor its negation ; such statements will be true in any model of Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory ( ZF ), regardless of the truth or falsity of the axiom of choice in that particular model.

Andy Warhol had two older brothers — Pavol ( Paul ), the oldest, was born in Slovakia ; Ján was born in Pittsburgh.

Other terms that have been used include neosyllabary ( Février 1959 ), pseudo-alphabet ( Householder 1959 ), semisyllabary ( Diringer 1968 ; a word which has other uses ) and syllabic alphabet ( Coulmas 1996 ; this term is also a synonym for syllabary ).