Altruism is a motivation to provide something of value to a party who must be anyone but oneself, while duty focuses on a moral obligation towards a specific individual ( e. g., a god, a king ), or collective ( e. g., a government ).

In the science of ethology ( the study of animal behaviour ), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

Niobe, the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion, boasted of her superiority to Leto because she had fourteen children ( Niobids ), seven male and seven female, while Leto had only two.

Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.

The UN estimates of 1. 8 million internally displaced persons ( IDPs ), while generally the accepted figure for war-affected people is 4 million.

In contrast, the largest North American community north of the circle, Sisimiut ( Greenland ), has approximately 5, 000 inhabitants, while between Canada and the USA, Barrow, Alaska is the largest settlement with circa 4, 000 inhabitants.

In three arduous campaigns, the first two of which were conducted by the emperor himself while the third was directed by Manuel Comnenos ( great-uncle of Emperor Manuel Comnenos ), the Turks were defeated in detail in 1070 and driven across the Euphrates.

Flowers across the Apiaceae are fairly uniform and are usually perfect ( hermaphroditic ) and actinomorphic, but some are andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious ( as in Acronema ), with a distinct calyx and corolla, but the calyx if often highly reduced, to the point of being undetectable in many species, while the corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple.

Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape ( dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius ), length ( dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer ), and function ( dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them ).

Grand tells Rieux that he married while still in his teens, but overwork and poverty took their toll ( Grand did not receive the career advancement that he had been promised ), and his wife Jeanne left him.

* Earliest day on which Ascension Day can fall, while June 3 is the latest ; celebrated 40 days after Easter ( Christianity ), and its related observances

Parsons released titles under his name ( Try Anything Once, On Air, The Time Machine, and A Valid Path ), while Woolfson made concept albums named Freudiana ( about Sigmund Freud's work on psychology ) and Poe: More Tales of Mystery and Imagination ( continuing from the Alan Parsons Project's first album about Edgar Allan Poe's literature ).

The one occasion where the band was introduced as " The Alan Parsons Project " in a live performance was at Night of the Proms 1990 ( at the time of the group's break-up ), featuring all Project regulars except Woolfson who was present but behind the scenes, while Parsons stayed at the mixer except during the last song, where he played acoustic guitar.

gray amber ), became used for ambergris, while ambre jaune ( yellow amber ), denoted the fossil resin we now call amber.

Classes Ia and Ib utilise regular labdanoid diterpenes ( e. g. communic acid, communol, biformenes ), while Ic uses enantio labdanoids ( ozic acid, ozol, enantio biformenes ).

One of the main differences is that while animists believe everything to be spiritual in nature, they do not necessarily see the spiritual nature of everything in existence as being united ( monism ), the way pantheists do.

The arrangement mirrors the one designed by Bernini for the Tomb of Urban VIII ( 1628 – 47 ), with a central hieratic sculpture of the pope seated in full regalia and offering a hand of blessing, while at his feet, two allegorical female figures flank his sarcophagus.

Not long after the burning of ten of their members ( 1210 ), the sect itself lost its importance, while some of the surviving Amalricians became Brethren of the Free Spirit.

Sole emperor from 1282, Andronikos II immediately repudiated his father's unpopular Church union with the Papacy ( which he had been forced to support while his father was still alive ), but was unable to resolve the related schism within the Orthodox clergy until 1310.

The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters ( the brace and vertical line characters ), renaming some control characters ( SOM became start of header ( SOH )) and moving or removing others ( RU was removed ).

Historically, others have titled their appellate court a court of errors ( or court of errors and appeals ), on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts.

A number of ancient cities were located here, such as Troy, Assos, Pergamon ( Bergama ), Sardis, Ephesus, Miletus, Halicarnassus ( Bodrum ), Smyrna ( İzmir ), Hierapolis ( Pamukkale ), Magnesia ( Manisa ), Philadelphia ( Alaşehir ), Didyma ( Didim ), Aphrodisias, Kaunos, Knidos, among others.

The effect of angst is achieved by Shostakovich, Mahler and Berg in compositions of wide dynamic range, at times seemingly spinning out of control ( Mahler ), and atonal music using the twelve-tone row method of composition ( Berg, Schoenberg and others ) to create an angst ridden atmosphere of grotesque sound.

They therefore reject the state, seeing it as an aggressive entity which steals property ( through taxation and expropriation ), initiate aggression, are a compulsory monopoly on the use of force, use their coercive powers to benefit some businesses and individuals at the expense of others, create monopolies, restrict trade, and restrict personal freedoms via drug laws, compulsory education, conscription, laws on food and morality, and the like.

Marc Isambard Brunel ( father of Isambard Kingdom Brunel ), with the help of Henry Maudslay and others, designed 22 types of machine tools to make the parts for the blocks used by the Royal Navy.

He was inspired by several others ( including Honoré Blanc ), or at least by the contemporary zeitgeist that was building around such ideas.

Investigation of the afterlife also includes the study of ( among others ) cases of haunting, apparitions of the deceased ( including, in some cases, information conveyed by those same apparitions ), instrumental trans-communication ( recording of electronic voice phenomena on tape ), and mediumship.

At the Anabaptist Council of Venice 1550, the early Italian instigators of the Radical Reformation committed to the views of Miguel Servet ( d. 1553 ), and these were promulgated by Giorgio Biandrata and others into Poland and Transylvania.

Legally recognized good reasons for consent include ; surgery, activities within the rules of a game ( Mixed martial arts, wrestling, boxing, or contact sports ), bodily adornment ( R v Wilson ), or horseplay ( Jones and others ).

This, combined with their post-battle rewards, prompted them to raise Alaric " on a shield " and proclaim him king ; according to Jordanes ( a Gothic historian of varying importance, depending upon who is asked ), both the new king and his people decided " rather to seek new kingdoms by their own work, than to slumber in peaceful subjection to the rule of others.

Their religious teachers, as well as others in the east, ( most notably, al-Ghazali in Persia and al-Tartushi in Egypt, who was himself an Iberian by birth, from Tortosa ), detested taifa rulers for their religious indifference.

He reasons that, i ) if we knew the nature of this power, then the mind-body divide would seem totally unmysterious to us ; ii ) if we had immediate knowledge of this mysterious power, then we would be able to intuitively explain why it is that we can control some parts of our bodies ( e. g., our hands or tongues ), and not others ( e. g., the liver or heart ); iii ) we have no immediate knowledge of the powers which allow an impulse of volition to create an action ( e. g., of the " muscles, and nerves, and animal spirits " which are the immediate cause of an action ).

In reply to this the French sovereign dispatched Andrew as his ambassador to Güyük Khan ; with Longjumeau went his brother William ( also a Dominican ) and several others — John Goderiche, John of Carcassonne, Herbert " Le Sommelier ," Gerbert of Sens, Robert ( a clerk ), a certain William, and an unnamed clerk of Poissy.

An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( atimia ), excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily ( depending on the type ).

As editor of the Journal für praktische Chemie ( Journal of practical chemistry, from 1870 to 1884 ), Kolbe was sometimes so severely critical of the work of others, especially after about 1874, that some wondered whether he might have been suffering a mental illness.

* No foreigner, even if naturalised ( unless they were born of English parents ), shall be allowed to be a Privy Councillor or a member of either House of Parliament, or hold " any office or place of trust, either civil or military, or to have any grant of lands, tenements or hereditaments from the Crown, to himself or to any other or others in trust for him.

Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates ( the top four were elected ), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.

In order to prepare the role of an important old actress, a theatre student interviews three actresses who were her pupils: an international diva ( Glòria Marc, played by Núria Espert ), a television star ( Assumpta Roca, played by Rosa Maria Sardà ) and a dubbing director ( Maria Caminal, played by Anna Lizaran ).

Starting from Julian Date 2443144. 5 ( 1 January 1977 00: 00: 00 ), corrections were applied to the output of all participating clocks, so that TAI would correspond to proper time at mean sea level ( the geoid ).

Next were films such as The Winds of the Aures ( 1965 ) of Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, Patrol To The East ( 1972 ) of Amar Laskri, Prohibited Area of Ahmed Lallem, ( 1972 ), The Opium and the stick of Ahmed Rachedi, or The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) which is an Algerian-Italian film selected three times at the Oscars.

In the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ), calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard.

These two defunct phyla were the Myxomycota ( i. e., plasmodial slime molds, now classified in the taxon Myxogastria ), and Acrasiomycota ( i. e. cellular slime molds, now divided into the taxa Acrasida and Dictyosteliida ).

The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message ( SOM ), end of address ( EOA ), end of message ( EOM ), end of transmission ( EOT ), " who are you?

The magicians were also called " seer-doctors " ( ιατρομάντεις ), and they used an ecstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles.

In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period ( 640 – 580 BC ), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life.

In the left part there were four beads, which in the first row have unitary values ( 1, 2, 3, and 4 ), and in the right side there are three beads with values of 5, 10, and 15 respectively.

) While Rotokas has a small alphabet because it has few phonemes to represent ( just eleven ), Book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been conflated — that is, the graphic distinctions had been lost over time, and diacritics were not developed to compensate for this as they were in Arabic, another script that lost many of its distinct letter shapes.

" He ate the cookies on the couch ", for example, could mean that he ate those cookies which were on the couch ( as opposed to those that were on the table ), or it could mean that he was sitting on the couch when he ate the cookies.

In the Planalto ( the high plains ), the most important states were those of Bié and Bailundo, the latter being noted for its production of foodstuffs and rubber.

His fellow students — there were 38 in all — included young Samuel I. Hayakawa ( later to become a Republican member of the U. S. Senate ), Ralph Moriarty deBit ( later to become the spiritual teacher Vitvan ) and Wendell Johnson ( founder of the Monster Study ).

Anti-Altaicists Gerard Clauson ( 1956 ), Gerhard Doerfer ( 1963 ), and Alexander Shcherbak argued that the words and features shared by Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic were for the most part borrowings and that the rest could be attributed to chance resemblances.