** Both large single exposures ( acute ) and continuous small exposures ( chronic ) are studied.

** serum creatinine ≥ 2 times the upper limit of normal for age or 2-fold increase in baseline creatinine in patients with chronic kidney disease

** history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc.

** Payments to doctors, dentists, surgeons, chiropractors, psychologists, counselors, physical therapists, osteopaths, podiatrists, home health care nurses, cost of care for chronic cognitive impairment

** Exacerbation of chronic cor pulmonale

** Yusuf is a chronic schizophrenia patient, but has spent less than a year in prison.

** Any disease featuring chronic hypoxia

** Other myeloproliferative disorders such as chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis

** Infantile acrodynia induced by chronic low-dose mercury exposure, leading to elevated catecholamine accumulation and resulting in a clinical picture resembling pheochromocytoma.

** Korsakoff's syndrome, a brain disease caused by chronic alcoholism named after Sergei Korsakoff

** Demeclocycline can be used in chronic situations when fluid restrictions are difficult to maintain ; demeclocycline is the most potent inhibitor of Vasopressin ( ADH / AVP ) action.

** Ulcerative colitis-a chronic colitis that affects the large intestine.

** To deliver topical medication ( e. g., corticosteroids ) for chronic gingival diseases such as mucous membrane pemphigoid.

** Nasal oxygen with oxygen saturation monitoring ( e. g., for infants with chronic lung disease needing long-term oxygen and monitoring ).

** Nasal oxygen with oxygen saturation monitoring ( e. g., for infants with chronic lung disease needing long-term oxygen and monitoring ).

** anemia of chronic disease, although this more typically causes normochromic, normocytic anemia.

** Secondary to nephron loss and hyperfiltration, such as with chronic pyelonephritis and reflux, morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus

** () Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia

** Insomnia: Insomnia is often a symptom of a mood disorder ( i. e., emotional stress, anxiety, depression ) or underlying health condition ( i. e., asthma, diabetes, heart disease, pregnancy or neurological conditions ).

** Assessment and rehabilitation in neurological disorders

** Ronald Kotulak of the Chicago Tribune, for his lucid coverage of current developments in neurological science.

** Addison's disease is a rare disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient amounts of glucocorticoids ( mainly cortisol ).

** Sex drive is dependent on androgen levels only in the presence of estrogen, but without estrogen, free testosterone level actually decreases sexual desire ( instead of increases sex drive ), as demonstrated for those women who have hypoactive sexual desire disorder, and the sexual desire in these women can be restored by administration of estrogen ( using oral contraceptive ).

** Relationship obsessive – compulsive disorder

** Community Safety, Enforcement and Policing, responsible for tackling fare evasion on buses, delivering policing services that tackle crime and disorder on public transport in cooperation with the Metropolitan Police Service's Transport Operational Command Unit ( TOCU ) and the British Transport Police.

** Periodic limb movement disorder

** REM sleep behaviour disorder

** The rate of occurrence within a living population of a broken chromosome that causes a genetic disorder

** Mood disorder, a class of mental illnesses featuring depressed mood

** Major depressive disorder, one of the mood disorders, commonly referred to as simply depression

** eye disorder characterized by progressive loss of central vision due to degeneration of the optic nerves and retina

** Mal de debarquement is rare disorder of imbalance caused by being on board a ship.

** Post-traumatic stress disorder

** Bipolar I disorder

** Bipolar II disorder

** Capital expenditures that are advised by a physician, where the facility is used primarily by the patient alone and the expense is reasonable ( e. g. a swimming pool for someone with degenerative spinal disorder, an elevator for someone with heart disease )

** A malformation is associated with a disorder of tissue development.

** A dysplasia is a disorder at the organ level that is due to problems with tissue development.

** The young person is suffering from a mental or psychological disorder or an emotional disturbance

** periodic limb movement disorder,

** alcohol-dependent sleep disorder,

** shift work sleep disorder.

** MacDonald triad, for anti-social personality disorder

** Genetic anomaly, a disorder whose ultimate cause is a genetic or chromosomal mutation